Works Cited
Hardy, Jay. “Dr. Semmelweis: The ‘Savior of Mothers’”. Hardy Diagnostics. http://www.hardydiagnostics.com/articles/semmelweis-and
handwashing.pdf (accessed January 5, 2015).
Jay Hardy is the founder and president of Hardy Diagnostics. After studying microbiology at California State Universities at Fullerton and Long Beach, he completed his Medical Technology internship at Santa Barbara Cottage Hospital. The company began in 1980, shortly after Hardy served as a Medical Technologist and microbiologist at Goleta Valley Hospital in California. This article gives a brief overview of the life and works of Ignaz Semmelweis, with a specific emphasis on the public reception of his discoveries. He describes both his disinfection methods and his attacks on people in the medical fields. Hardy connects Semmelweis’ story to the “Semmelweiss Reflex,” and general misunderstanding of new medical advancements. The information from this source was used to describe the reforms in health that Semmelweis pioneered and how prominent physicians and doctors reacted to his findings.
“Ignaz Semmelweis”. YouTube video, 15:16. Posted by “LSGScience,” June 13, 2013. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wUp9mUyVIGA.
This video is a segment of a documentary created by the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). It features a description of the life and discoveries of Ignaz Semmelweis, including narration and interview segments. The video provides a detailed account of Semmelweis’ work in the hospitals and how he came to his conclusions about puerperal fever. It also includes a number of unique quotations from the doctor’s letters and works that set a personal and intriguing tone for the video. The information from this source was used for quotations on the website, as well as information regarding the reception of his discoveries and his death.
Nuland, Sherwin B. The Doctors’ Plague: Germs, Childbed Fever, and the Strange Story of Ignác Semmelweis. New York: W.W. Norton and
Company, 2003.
Sherwin Bernard Nuland was an American surgeon and writer who taught bioethics, history of medicine, and medicine at the Yale University School of Medicine. His 1994 book How We Die: Reflections on Life's Final Chapter was a New York Times Best Seller and won the National Book Award for Nonfiction, as well as being a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize. Nuland wrote non-academic articles for
The New Yorker, The New York Times, The New Republic, Time, and the New York Review of Books. His book, “The Doctor’s Plague” seeks to tell the story of Ignaz Semmelweis’ great discovery while providing a historical description of Vienna and Hungary at the time. It also provides information on the reception of Semmelweis’ works and detailed description of the doctor’s personal and social life. This source was incredibly useful throughout the project, providing information on historical and personal background, the methods and discoveries of Semmelweis, and public reception of his work.
Semmelweis, Ignaz. “Die Ätiologie, der Begriff und die Prophylaxis des Kindbettfiebers”. 1861. http://graphics8.nytimes.com (Translation
accessed January 5, 2015).
This source was the main work of Ignaz Semmelweis that puts together all the pieces of his evidence and observations. It describes how he came to believe that the cadaveric particles were the cause of the sepsis in the delivering mothers. His “breakthrough” moment is documented alongside the quantitate data that proves the efficacy of his chloride of lime hand-washing procedure. The segment in the English translation includes the factual crux of his argument, and leaves out most of his rambling attacks on his critics. The source is quoted in the website and the document was useful in writing both the “Historical Background” and “Health Reform” pages.
Trueman, Chris. “Ignaz Semmelweis.” Ignaz Semmelweis. January 1, 2014. Accessed January 6, 2015.
http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/ignaz_semmelweis.htm.
Chris Trueman graduated with a BA (Honors) in History from Aberystwyth University, Wales in 1979, went on to study at Loughborough University, then gained a MA in management from Brighton University in 2000. He taught History and Politics at a major secondary school in England for twenty-six years. This source described the medical milestone of hand-washing that Semmelweis essentially pioneered. It specifically described the impact his methods had on the hospitals he worked in and how his ideas continue to impact the world today. Information from this source was used to write the “Health Reform” and “Significance” pages on the website.
handwashing.pdf (accessed January 5, 2015).
Jay Hardy is the founder and president of Hardy Diagnostics. After studying microbiology at California State Universities at Fullerton and Long Beach, he completed his Medical Technology internship at Santa Barbara Cottage Hospital. The company began in 1980, shortly after Hardy served as a Medical Technologist and microbiologist at Goleta Valley Hospital in California. This article gives a brief overview of the life and works of Ignaz Semmelweis, with a specific emphasis on the public reception of his discoveries. He describes both his disinfection methods and his attacks on people in the medical fields. Hardy connects Semmelweis’ story to the “Semmelweiss Reflex,” and general misunderstanding of new medical advancements. The information from this source was used to describe the reforms in health that Semmelweis pioneered and how prominent physicians and doctors reacted to his findings.
“Ignaz Semmelweis”. YouTube video, 15:16. Posted by “LSGScience,” June 13, 2013. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wUp9mUyVIGA.
This video is a segment of a documentary created by the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). It features a description of the life and discoveries of Ignaz Semmelweis, including narration and interview segments. The video provides a detailed account of Semmelweis’ work in the hospitals and how he came to his conclusions about puerperal fever. It also includes a number of unique quotations from the doctor’s letters and works that set a personal and intriguing tone for the video. The information from this source was used for quotations on the website, as well as information regarding the reception of his discoveries and his death.
Nuland, Sherwin B. The Doctors’ Plague: Germs, Childbed Fever, and the Strange Story of Ignác Semmelweis. New York: W.W. Norton and
Company, 2003.
Sherwin Bernard Nuland was an American surgeon and writer who taught bioethics, history of medicine, and medicine at the Yale University School of Medicine. His 1994 book How We Die: Reflections on Life's Final Chapter was a New York Times Best Seller and won the National Book Award for Nonfiction, as well as being a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize. Nuland wrote non-academic articles for
The New Yorker, The New York Times, The New Republic, Time, and the New York Review of Books. His book, “The Doctor’s Plague” seeks to tell the story of Ignaz Semmelweis’ great discovery while providing a historical description of Vienna and Hungary at the time. It also provides information on the reception of Semmelweis’ works and detailed description of the doctor’s personal and social life. This source was incredibly useful throughout the project, providing information on historical and personal background, the methods and discoveries of Semmelweis, and public reception of his work.
Semmelweis, Ignaz. “Die Ätiologie, der Begriff und die Prophylaxis des Kindbettfiebers”. 1861. http://graphics8.nytimes.com (Translation
accessed January 5, 2015).
This source was the main work of Ignaz Semmelweis that puts together all the pieces of his evidence and observations. It describes how he came to believe that the cadaveric particles were the cause of the sepsis in the delivering mothers. His “breakthrough” moment is documented alongside the quantitate data that proves the efficacy of his chloride of lime hand-washing procedure. The segment in the English translation includes the factual crux of his argument, and leaves out most of his rambling attacks on his critics. The source is quoted in the website and the document was useful in writing both the “Historical Background” and “Health Reform” pages.
Trueman, Chris. “Ignaz Semmelweis.” Ignaz Semmelweis. January 1, 2014. Accessed January 6, 2015.
http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/ignaz_semmelweis.htm.
Chris Trueman graduated with a BA (Honors) in History from Aberystwyth University, Wales in 1979, went on to study at Loughborough University, then gained a MA in management from Brighton University in 2000. He taught History and Politics at a major secondary school in England for twenty-six years. This source described the medical milestone of hand-washing that Semmelweis essentially pioneered. It specifically described the impact his methods had on the hospitals he worked in and how his ideas continue to impact the world today. Information from this source was used to write the “Health Reform” and “Significance” pages on the website.
Pictography
"Die Ätiologie, der Begriff und die Prophylaxis des Kindbettfiebers" Photograph. Wikipedia Encyclopedia. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ignaz_Semmelweis_1861_Etiology_front_page.jpg/640px-Ignaz_Semmelweis_1861_Etiology_front_page.jpg (Accessed 13 January 2015).
"Hand Washing Technique". Painting. Science and Magic.
http://www.apophtegme.com/SPICILEGE/SCIENCES/images/semmelweis03.jpg (Accessed 15 January 2015).
"Ignaz Semmelweis". Drawing. National Public Radio. http://media.npr.org/assets/img/2015/01/08/semmelweis_wide-0110a5c422fb5dfccf675ed9c4fafe877e28f798.jpg?s=6 (Accessed 10 January 2015).
"Ignaz Semmelweis". Drawing. Wikipedia Encyclopedia. http://wiki.urbandead.com/images/7/76/Semmelweis.jpg (Accessed 9 January 2015).
"Mortality Rates of First and Second Divisions". Graph. Wikipedia Encyclopedia. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Yearly_mortality_rates_1841-1846_two_clinics.png/500px-Yearly_mortality_rates_1841-1846_two_clinics.png (Accessed 11 January 2015).
"Puerperal Monthly Mortality Rates 1841-1849". Graph. Wikipedia Encyxlopedia. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Monthly_mortality_rates_1841-1849.png/500px-Monthly_mortality_rates_1841-1849.png (Accessed 12 January 2015).
"Semmelweis Stamp" Image of Stamp. StampWants. http://images.stampwants.com/dka13.img (Accessed 14 January 2015).
"Semmelweis Stamp" Image of Stamp. Wikipedia Encyclopedia. http://rationalwiki.org/w/images/0/08/I_Semmelweis.jpg (Accessed 14 January 2015).
"Semmelwies Stamp". Image of Stamp. WikkiCommons.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/DBP_1956_244_Semmelweis.jpg (Accessed 14 January 2015).
"Semmelweis Washing Hands". Drawing. National Public Radio. http://media.npr.org/assets/img/2015/01/08/pg9893_wide-f8d7689d669d43b15654a1db5dc426c4caa4044a-s1100-c15.jpg (Accessed 10 January 2015).
"Streptococcus pyogenes". Photomicrograph. Wikipedia Encyclopedia.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Streptococcus_pyogenes.jpg (Accessed 5 January 2015).
"Vienna General Hospital". Drawing. Wikipedia Encyclopedia. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/AAKH-1784.jpg (Accessed 9 January 2015).
"Hand Washing Technique". Painting. Science and Magic.
http://www.apophtegme.com/SPICILEGE/SCIENCES/images/semmelweis03.jpg (Accessed 15 January 2015).
"Ignaz Semmelweis". Drawing. National Public Radio. http://media.npr.org/assets/img/2015/01/08/semmelweis_wide-0110a5c422fb5dfccf675ed9c4fafe877e28f798.jpg?s=6 (Accessed 10 January 2015).
"Ignaz Semmelweis". Drawing. Wikipedia Encyclopedia. http://wiki.urbandead.com/images/7/76/Semmelweis.jpg (Accessed 9 January 2015).
"Mortality Rates of First and Second Divisions". Graph. Wikipedia Encyclopedia. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Yearly_mortality_rates_1841-1846_two_clinics.png/500px-Yearly_mortality_rates_1841-1846_two_clinics.png (Accessed 11 January 2015).
"Puerperal Monthly Mortality Rates 1841-1849". Graph. Wikipedia Encyxlopedia. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Monthly_mortality_rates_1841-1849.png/500px-Monthly_mortality_rates_1841-1849.png (Accessed 12 January 2015).
"Semmelweis Stamp" Image of Stamp. StampWants. http://images.stampwants.com/dka13.img (Accessed 14 January 2015).
"Semmelweis Stamp" Image of Stamp. Wikipedia Encyclopedia. http://rationalwiki.org/w/images/0/08/I_Semmelweis.jpg (Accessed 14 January 2015).
"Semmelwies Stamp". Image of Stamp. WikkiCommons.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/DBP_1956_244_Semmelweis.jpg (Accessed 14 January 2015).
"Semmelweis Washing Hands". Drawing. National Public Radio. http://media.npr.org/assets/img/2015/01/08/pg9893_wide-f8d7689d669d43b15654a1db5dc426c4caa4044a-s1100-c15.jpg (Accessed 10 January 2015).
"Streptococcus pyogenes". Photomicrograph. Wikipedia Encyclopedia.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Streptococcus_pyogenes.jpg (Accessed 5 January 2015).
"Vienna General Hospital". Drawing. Wikipedia Encyclopedia. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/AAKH-1784.jpg (Accessed 9 January 2015).